Bipolar og utrygg tilknytningsstil

[Drømmeautomat]

Jeg har i det siste hatt en mistanke om at det er en sammenheng mellom bipolar lidelse og utrygg tilknytningsstil (ustabile/dårlig fungerende relasjoner, særlig romantiske). Jeg ba ChatGPT gi en oppsummering:

I tilknytningsteori snakker man gjerne om fire hovedtyper: trygg tilknytning, som kjennetegnes av at man både tåler nærhet og avstand; engstelig/preget av frykt for avvisning, der man søker mye bekreftelse og er redd for å bli forlatt; unngående/dismissive, der man skyr emosjonell nærhet og baserer seg sterkt på selvstendighet; og disorganisert/fearful, som er en kombinasjon av både sterk engstelse og sterk unngåelse – et forhold til andre som både trekkes mot nærhet og skyr den samtidig, ofte i et mønster preget av uforutsigbarhet og indre konflikt.

Forskningen på bipolar lidelse viser et svært tydelig mønster: personer med bipolar I og II har langt oftere utrygge tilknytningsstiler enn befolkningen ellers. I noen studier er så mye som 90 % av friske kontroller trygt tilknyttet, mens kun rundt 18 % av bipolar-pasienter havner i den trygge kategorien. Resten fordeler seg på engstelig, unngående og – i særlig grad – disorganisert tilknytning. Det mest slående funnet i nyere studier er hvor sterkt disorganisert/fearful tilknytning er overrepresentert hos personer med bipolar lidelse. I enkelte materialer utgjør denne kategorien rundt 60 % av alle bipolar-pasientene, noe som er dramatisk høyere enn i normalbefolkningen.

Det er også lite som tyder på at bipolar I og bipolar II har forskjellige tilknytningsprofiler. Studier som sammenligner undergruppene finner at de i praksis har samme fordeling: svært lav andel trygg tilknytning, høye nivåer av både engstelighet og unngåelse, og en stor kjerne som plasserer seg i det disorganiserte mønsteret. Dette antyder at utrygg – og spesielt disorganisert – tilknytning kan være et grunnleggende kjennetegn ved mange mennesker med bipolar lidelse, uavhengig av hvilken type stemningsepisoder de har hatt. Tilknytningsstilen kan variere noe med stemningsleiet, men den underliggende utrygge strukturen ser ut til å være bemerkelsesverdig stabil.

Endret 2 timer siden av Drømmeautomat

[Drømmeautomat]

Og her er ChatGPTs resultat etter å ha kjørt grundig research på dette emnet, med masse kildehenvisninger:
 

Attachment Styles in Bipolar Disorder: Research Overview

Introduction

Attachment theory posits that early relationships with caregivers shape “internal working models” of self and others, influencing emotional regulation and mental healthclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.commdpi.com. Insecure attachment styles (e.g. anxious, avoidant, or disorganized) have been linked to greater psychopathology riskmdpi.com. Bipolar disorder (BD) – including Bipolar I and II – often involves interpersonal difficulties and early-life stressors, so researchers have examined whether attachment style correlates with BD’s onset, course, or subtype. Early foundational work in the 1990s indicated that individuals with mood disorders report disturbed parental attachments. For example, Rosenfarb et al. (1994) studied 156 women (with bipolar disorder, unipolar depression, or no psychiatric illness) and found that women with bipolar disorder reported persistently low attachment to their mothers (and fathers) from childhood through adulthood, unlike non-psychiatric controls who became closer to their mothers in adulthoodpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. This suggested a link between insecure early attachments and mood disorder vulnerability. Below, we review key studies (spanning adolescents to adults) on attachment styles in BD, highlighting findings for Bipolar I vs II and both recent (last 5–10 years) and older research.

Attachment Styles in Adults with Bipolar Disorder

High prevalence of insecure attachment: Modern clinical studies consistently show that a majority of adults with BD have insecure attachment styles. In one oft-cited study of 107 Bipolar I patients, 78% had an insecure dominant attachment style, compared to only 32% of healthy controlspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Similarly, a 2014 study found that bipolar disorder (both type I and II) is strongly associated with insecure adult attachment styles when compared to the general populationconsensus.appconsensus.app. A recent meta-analysis (Herstell et al., 2021) quantified this trend: across 40 samples (n≈2,927), individuals with BD showed a significantly higher prevalence of insecure attachment than healthy controls (large effect size, g≈0.88)pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. In short, adults with bipolar (whether type I or II) are far more likely to exhibit anxious, avoidant, or otherwise insecure attachments in close relationships, relative to psychiatrically healthy individuals.

Attachment style profiles: While findings vary, several studies note that avoidant or aloof attachment tendencies are especially elevated in BD. For example, Picardi et al. (2019) reported that both bipolar-depressed and unipolar-depressed patients had significantly higher attachment-related avoidance scores than control groupsclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com. In that study, avoidance was the attachment dimension that most distinguished mood-disordered patients from controlsclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.comclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com. On the other hand, some research also finds heightened attachment anxiety. Picardi et al. observed that bipolar patients (during a depressive episode) actually had higher attachment anxiety scores than even unipolar depressed patients (as well as higher than controls)clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com. This suggests bipolar depression may be marked by especially strong fear of abandonment or need for approval (attachment anxiety) alongside avoidance. Indeed, the literature is somewhat mixed: certain studies using self-report scales find predominantly avoidant (dismissive) styles in BDclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.comclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com, whereas others report elevations in both anxious and avoidant attachment in bipolar populationsclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com. Notably, a recent Italian study (Craba et al., 2023) using a four-category model (secure, dismissing, preoccupied, fearful) found only 18% of bipolar patients were securely attached (vs ~90% of healthy controls). The majority of BD patients in that sample fell into the “fearful” attachment style (a disorganized form marked by high anxiety and avoidance) – about 60% of BD patients were classified as fearful, compared to 39% of unipolar depressed patientsmdpi.com. This aligns with the general finding that insecure attachment (of various forms) is the norm rather than the exception in adults with bipolar disorderpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govmdpi.com.

Mood episodes and attachment fluctuations: Interestingly, attachment style in BD may show some state-related variation across mood episodes, though core attachment tendencies are relatively stable traits. Morriss et al. (2009) found that although most Bipolar I patients were insecurely attached overall, attachment behaviors differed slightly by mood statepubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. In that cross-sectional study, manic patients reported higher secure attachment scores (and higher preoccupied/anxious scores) compared to bipolar patients in bipolar depression, whereas depressed bipolar patients showed higher preoccupied (anxious) and lower dismissing (avoidant) scorespubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. In other words, during mania, patients paradoxically exhibited some increase in secure-style sentiments and attachment-seeking (perhaps due to elevated confidence or sociability in mania), whereas during depressive episodes patients were more anxiously attached and less avoidant/dismissingpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Despite these fluctuations, insecure styles (preoccupied or dismissive) dominated across all mood phases – e.g. even euthymic (remitted) bipolar patients had higher insecure attachment rates than controlspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. The authors concluded that attachment assessments in bipolar disorder can be influenced by current mood, and recommended evaluating attachment during euthymia for a baselinepubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Overall, the evidence indicates that long-standing insecure attachment patterns underlie bipolar disorder, though manic or depressive states might temporarily amplify certain attachment behaviors.

Differences Between Bipolar I and Bipolar II Attachment Patterns

A key question is whether Bipolar I (with full manic episodes) and Bipolar II (with hypomania) differ in attachment profile. Most studies have not found substantial differences between BD-I and BD-II in attachment style. For instance, a 2019 study explicitly compared attachment measures in Bipolar I vs Bipolar II patients and reported “no significant differences in attachment-related anxiety or avoidance between patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorder.”clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com. Similarly, in the 2023 Craba et al. sample, the proportion of secure vs insecure attachment did not significantly differ by bipolar subtype (BD-I vs BD-II) – both groups showed comparably high insecure attachment ratesmdpi.com. In other words, attachment insecurity appears to characterize bipolar disorder broadly, regardless of type I or II.

It’s worth noting that research focusing on attachment often combines Bipolar I and II patients due to their similarity on this dimensionconsensus.app. When samples include both subtypes, the aggregate findings (high avoidance and anxiety, low secure attachment) tend to apply to both bipolar I and II cohorts. We did not find any replicated evidence of a specific attachment style that differentiates Bipolar I vs II – any subtle differences (e.g. perhaps related to illness severity) have not reached statistical significance in published studiesclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com. Thus, current data suggest Bipolar I and II are alike in showing elevated insecure attachment patterns, with no clear indication that one subtype is “more” anxious or avoidant than the other. This aligns with the view that attachment style is a stable trait stemming from early development, and is likely independent of whether one’s bipolar illness manifests with full mania or only hypomania.

Attachment Styles in Bipolar vs. Other Disorders

Because attachment insecurity is a transdiagnostic risk factor, researchers have also compared attachment in bipolar disorder to other conditions, especially unipolar depression. Generally, both bipolar and unipolar mood disorders show increased insecure attachments relative to healthy people, with more similarity than difference between themmdpi.com. For example, Picardi et al. (2019) found both bipolar and recurrent depression patients had significantly higher avoidance (and overall insecurity) than non-psychiatric controlsclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.comclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com. Craba et al. (2023) likewise reported that only about 20–27% of bipolar or MDD patients were secure, versus 90% of controlsmdpi.com. Notably, the type of insecurity can vary: in Craba’s sample, fearful/disorganized attachment was most common in BD (60%) and also high in MDD (39%)mdpi.com. Picardi’s study hinted bipolar depression might skew more anxious than unipolar depression (higher attachment anxiety in BD)clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com, whereas other studies have linked depression (unipolar) more with dismissing/avoidant tendenciesclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com. These discrepancies likely reflect sample and methodology differences, but the core point is that insecure attachments (whether anxious, avoidant or both) are prevalent across mood disorderspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

Importantly, large-scale analyses reinforce this. Herstell et al. (2021) conducted a meta-analysis across bipolar, major depressive, and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: insecure attachment was significantly more common in all these disorders compared to controls, confirming attachment insecurity as a broad vulnerability factorpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. In that meta-analysis, there were no significant differences between bipolar disorder and major depression in overall insecure attachment rates. The only notable difference was that avoidant attachment was slightly less pronounced in schizophrenia-spectrum patients than in depression patientspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. But bipolar and depression groups did not significantly differ, suggesting a largely overlapping attachment profile. In sum, bipolar I/II and unipolar depression share the tendency toward insecure adult attachments, aligning with attachment theory’s notion that early-life relational insecurity can lead to various psychopathologies (not one specific illness)clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.comclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com.

Aside: Some have contrasted bipolar attachment patterns with those in other diagnoses like borderline personality disorder (BPD). BPD is classically associated with extreme attachment anxiety and fear of abandonment. While not the focus here, one comparative study found no significant differences in anxious or secure attachment scores between patients with Bipolar II vs. those with BPD, indicating both groups were highly insecurely attachedbrieflands.com. This underscores that many serious mental disorders (whether mood or personality) are marked by profound attachment insecurities.

Attachment in Adolescents and Offspring of Bipolar Patients

Research on younger populations provides insight into how attachment issues may arise before or during the development of bipolar disorder. One line of work looks at adolescents or children who have a parent with bipolar disorder – a high-risk group for both attachment disruptions and psychopathology. Several studies indicate that offspring of parents with BD have more insecure (especially avoidant) attachment styles and greater risk of mental health problems.

For instance, Erkan et al. (2015) compared 25 adolescents (ages 12–17) who had at least one bipolar parent to 28 adolescent peers with healthy parentspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. They found the bipolar-parent offspring were far more likely to adopt a dismissing/avoidant attachment style, reporting significantly higher dismissing attachment scores than controls (p<0.05)pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Nearly half (48%) of these teens with a BD parent had some psychiatric diagnosis themselves, versus 18% of controlspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. The authors concluded that having a bipolar parent is associated with an avoidant attachment orientation in adolescence, and confers increased risk of developing psychopathologypubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. This avoidant (dismissing) style may reflect an adaptation in which the child keeps emotional distance, possibly due to inconsistent or overwhelmed caregiving by the bipolar parent. Consistently, a recent study of young adults with bipolar parents found they endorsed more anxious and avoidant attachment characteristics than peers without parental BD, with the quality of the father–child relationship partially mediating this effecttandfonline.com. In other words, poor paternal relationship quality in bipolar families contributed to the offspring’s attachment insecurity. These findings underscore an intergenerational link: parental mood disorder can adversely affect offspring attachment security, especially when parental caregiving is impaired.

However, it’s important to note that not all studies find uniformly insecure attachments in high-risk youth. A large longitudinal study (Krantz et al., 2024) followed over 500 children of parents with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia and controls, assessing attachment at age 11. Strikingly, this population-based study found no significant differences in secure attachment rates between the at-risk children and control children in pre-adolescenceresearchgate.net. Rather, parental functioning (e.g. the caregiver’s stability and sensitivity) predicted the child’s attachment security, and early attachment security predicted better mental health by age 11researchgate.net. This suggests that with adequate caregiving, even children of parents with serious mental illness can develop secure attachments. The results from this and similar studies indicate that the development of attachment insecurity in offspring is not inevitable and may depend on mediating factors like parenting quality and the presence of other stressorsresearchgate.net. Indeed, some smaller studies had also reported no attachment differences in young children of BD parents until adolescenceresearchgate.net. The divergence in findings (e.g. Erkan et al. vs. Krantz et al.) could be due to sample differences (clinical versus community samples, ages examined, etc.). Nonetheless, by adolescence, multiple studies (including a meta-analysis by Kökçü & Kesebir 2010, cited in Erkan 2015) have observed increased rates of insecure (e.g. anxious/ambivalent or avoidant) attachment in youth who have bipolar parentsresearchgate.net.

In adolescents who themselves have bipolar disorder, research is more limited (given diagnostic complexities at that age). Bipolar disorder often has onset in late adolescence, so few studies specifically examine attachment in diagnosed bipolar teens. It is likely, though, that similar patterns hold: insecure attachment is common among adolescent BD patients, just as in adults. Case-control data in other teen mood disorders (like early-onset depression) show lower secure attachment and higher insecure styles compared to well-adjusted youthpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. We can infer that adolescents with BD would likewise exhibit high attachment insecurity, which might complicate their peer and family relationships. Indeed, attachment insecurity in adolescence could contribute to the interpersonal stress that sometimes precipitates mood episodes.

Summary of Key Studies

The table below highlights selected key studies on attachment styles and bipolar disorder, spanning adult and youth samples, foundational and recent findings:

Study (Year)	Population/Sample	Key Findings on Attachment and Bipolar
Rosenfarb et al. (1994)pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov	156 adult women: bipolar vs. unipolar vs. controls	Bipolar patients reported little attachment to their mother at all ages, unlike controls who became closer to mothers in adulthood. Bipolar women also reported low connectedness to fathers throughout life. (Severely depressed women showed a similar lack of maternal attachment.) Early attachment disruptions were noted in bipolar disorder.
Morriss et al. (2009)pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov	107 Bipolar I adults (34 manic, 30 depressed, 43 euthymic) vs. 41 controls	78% of BP-I patients were insecurely attached (vs 32% of controls)pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Controls had higher secure and lower anxious attachment than all bipolar groups. Mood state influenced attachment behaviors: during mania, patients showed higher secure and preoccupied (anxious) scores; during bipolar depression, patients had higher preoccupied and lower dismissing (avoidant) scorespubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Authors emphasize assessing attachment in remission due to mood-related fluctuationspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
Gilbert et al. (2007)clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com (Social Rank & Attachment)	253 adults with bipolar disorder (mixed types) – study on social processes	Explored how attachment style relates to social rank issues in BD. Found that insecure attachment correlated with greater use of submissive social strategies and feelings of inferior rank among bipolar patientsclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com. This suggests attachment insecurity in BD may contribute to interpersonal sensitivity and low self-esteem (though this study’s focus was specific).
Harnic et al. (2014)consensus.appconsensus.app	81 adults: Bipolar I or II (in remission) and Cyclothymia, compared to healthy controls	Bipolar disorder (types I & II) and related temperaments were strongly associated with insecure attachment. Both Bipolar I and II patients showed significantly higher insecure attachment styles compared to controlsconsensus.app. The strength of this association suggests a stable trait link between having a mood disorder and having an insecure adult attachment style. (No major attachment differences were noted between BD-I vs BD-II.)
Erkan et al. (2015)pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov	53 adolescents (12–17): 25 with a bipolar parent vs 28 with healthy parents	Adolescents with a bipolar parent had higher dismissing/avoidant attachment scores than controlspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Nearly half of BD-parent offspring had a psychiatric diagnosis vs 18% of controlspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Concludes that parental BD is linked to insecure (avoidant) attachment in offspring and elevated risk of psychopathologypubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
Picardi et al. (2019)clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.comclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com	36 BD patients (bipolar depression), 39 unipolar depression, 40 epilepsy controls, 45 healthy controls (Italy)	BD and unipolar patients had higher attachment insecurity than both control groupsclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com. In particular, attachment avoidance was significantly elevated in bipolar and depressed groups vs controlsclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com. Bipolar patients (in depression) also showed greater attachment anxiety than unipolar depressed patientsclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com. Importantly, no differences were found between Bipolar I vs II in attachment anxiety or avoidance levelsclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com. Overall, mood-disordered patients showed more insecure (avoidant/anxious) attachment patterns relative to non-patients.
Herstell et al. (2021)pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Meta-Analysis)	40 samples (n=2,927 total) across BD, major depression, schizophrenia vs healthy controls	Insecure attachment is a transdiagnostic risk factor: patients with bipolar disorder had a significantly higher prevalence of insecure attachment than controls (large effect)pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. No significant difference in overall insecure attachment rates between bipolar vs. unipolar depression – both were elevated relative to healthy individualspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. This meta-analysis solidifies that attachment insecurity is common across mood disorders and not unique to one type.
Ruggero et al. (2022)tandfonline.com	132 young adults (~age 18–30): half with a parent who has bipolar disorder, half with no parental mood disorder	Offspring of bipolar parents showed more insecure attachment on self-report – specifically higher attachment-related anxiety and avoidance compared to controlstandfonline.com. The study found that father–child relationship quality mediated this effect, highlighting the role of paternal involvement in developing secure vs. insecure attachments. (Young adults with supportive father figures fared better despite parental BD.)
Craba et al. (2023)mdpi.commdpi.com	106 patients (55 MDD, 51 BD) and 50 healthy controls; Italy (attachment & resilience study)	Only 18.2% of bipolar patients were securely attached, compared to 90% of healthy controlsmdpi.com. Both BD and MDD groups had drastically higher insecure attachments (p < 0.0001 vs controls)mdpi.com. Fearful (insecure) attachment was the most common style in bipolar patients (~60%)mdpi.com. No significant attachment differences were seen between the bipolar vs unipolar patient groupsmdpi.com. The study also noted attachment security was positively correlated with resilience, suggesting secure attachment might buffer against stress in mood disorders.

Conclusion

In summary, a robust body of clinical evidence indicates that attachment insecurities are highly prevalent in individuals with bipolar disorder (both Type I and II). Adults with BD overwhelmingly exhibit insecure attachment styles – be it anxious/preoccupied, avoidant/dismissing, or fearful/disorganized – at rates far above those seen in the general populationpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govmdpi.com. These attachment patterns likely stem from adverse or inconsistent early-life relationships, and in turn they may exacerbate the emotional dysregulation and interpersonal stress reactivity characteristic of bipolar illnessclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.comclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com. Notably, research has not found meaningful differences between Bipolar I and II in attachment style distributionsclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com: both subtypes are associated with elevated attachment anxiety and avoidance compared to controls. Bipolar patients also resemble unipolar depressed patients in their attachment profiles – a reflection that insecure attachment is a general risk factor for mood disorders, rather than a unique feature of one diagnosispubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govmdpi.com.

Studies across different age groups reinforce these conclusions. Among adolescents and young adults, those with familial or personal risk for bipolar disorder often show more avoidant and anxious attachments, though high-quality parenting can mitigate these effectspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govresearchgate.net. Early interventions to support caregiver sensitivity and secure bonding might therefore help reduce vulnerability to mood disorders in at-risk youth. From a clinical standpoint, these findings highlight the importance of addressing attachment issues in therapy for bipolar patients. Approaches like psychotherapy can help patients develop more secure relationship patterns or improve interpersonal effectiveness, potentially improving mood stability. Indeed, the connection between attachment and bipolar disorder is an area of active research, pointing toward more integrated treatment that considers not just neurotransmitters and mood episodes, but also the enduring relational templates that individuals carry from childhood into adult life. By recognizing and working through attachment-based dynamics, patients with bipolar I or II may gain tools to navigate relationships and emotions more securely, complementing traditional pharmacological and psychosocial interventions.

Sources: The information above is drawn from a range of peer-reviewed studies and reviews, including longitudinal and cross-sectional research (e.g., Rosenfarb 1994pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov; Morriss 2009pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov; Picardi 2019clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.comclinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com), meta-analytic evidence (Herstell 2021pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), and recent clinical studies on both adult and youth populations (Erkan 2015pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov; Craba 2023mdpi.commdpi.com, among others). These sources collectively strengthen the conclusion that attachment style is a significant psychosocial factor associated with bipolar I and II disorders.

[Sokk]

Jeg gidder faktisk ikke å lese metaanalyser laget av chatGPT, uansett hvor «flink» den har vært, fordi jeg ikke har noen mulighet til å vurdere sannsynligheten for at tallene stemmer. Som f.eks at 60% av alle pasienter med bipolar har desorganisert tilknytning.

Det er vel en assosiasjon mellom utrygg tilknytning og psykopatologi generelt. Du vil også få «positive svar» om du leter etter en sammenheng mellom utrygg (inkl desorganisert) tilknytning og schizofreni/psykose generelt, eller eupf.

Bipolar lidelse kan ikke 100% forklares med genetikk, noe som betyr at miljøfaktorer bidrar. Oppvekstmiljø og tilknytning til omsorgspersonene er en slik faktor. Det betyr likevel ikke at utrygg tilknytning er årsaken til bipolar lidelse, eller at lidelsen kan behandles ved å endre tilknytningsstil. 

[Drømmeautomat]

Sokk skrev (2 minutter siden):

Jeg gidder faktisk ikke å lese metaanalyser laget av chatGPT, uansett hvor «flink» den har vært, fordi jeg ikke har noen mulighet til å vurdere sannsynligheten for at tallene stemmer. Som f.eks at 60% av alle pasienter med bipolar har desorganisert tilknytning.

Teksten har som sagt kildehenvisinger, og for den konkrete påstanden du nevner er kilden her: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/13/6/969#:~:text=In both groups of patients,have significantly higher rates of

Jeg er enig med deg i at utrygg tilknytningsstil sannsynligvis korrelerer med de fleste psykiske lidelser, og at lidelsen neppe kan kureres ved å endre tilknytningsstil.

Jeg finner det likevel interessant at spesielt desorganisert tilknytning ser ut til å være så framtredende i bipolar, sammenligna med f.eks. "bare" depresjon. Konseptuelt gir det mening, sida man som bipolar har sterke motstridende poler som dominerer i ulike faser. Og jeg kjenner meg dessverre personlig igjen i tilknytningsstilen. Det hadde vært interessant å høre hva andre med bipolar tenker om det.